Well, for one start keeping tabs on federal and state jobs that relate at all to your area of expertise. There are the obvious Census jobs for demographers, but different agencies have various positions that may be interested in both qual and quant skills, if you have some basic knowledge of policy and ability to communicate to non-academics. Look for summer internships (start looking as many as 6 months beforehand), which often turn into full-time job offers.
You won’t get rich in government jobs, but (for example) if you’re an ABD you can start a federal job as a GS-11 ($56k + locality adjustment (which can be substantial), plus great benefits, job security, and a 40-hour work week), with major increases in pay as you gain experience. GS-13 ($79k base + locality) should be pretty attainable for a PhD after a few years on the job. Not great for our level of education, admittedly, but better than the average academic job, and you can have an actual impact on policies and programs.
There are plenty of non-government jobs too, but often they have less job security and work/life balance, and your job may eventually be dependent on your ability to get grants in some positions (e.g., big think tanks).